Pigment dispersants based on diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds and pigment preparations

ABSTRACT

The invention provides novel pigment dispersants of the formula (I)  
                 
 
     in which Q is a radical of the formula (Ia)  
                 
 
     s is a number from 0.1 to 4.0 and  
     n is a number from 0 to 2.0;  
     and provides pigment preparations comprising an organic base pigment and a pigment dispersant of the formula (I).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] (1) Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to novel pigment dispersants andpigment preparations having improved coloristic and rheologicalproperties and to their preparation and use for pigmenting highmolecular mass materials.

[0003] Pigment preparations are combinations of pigments and pigmentdispersants that are structurally analogous to pigments and aresubstituted by groups having a specific activity. The dispersants areadded to the pigments in order to facilitate their dispersion in theapplication media, especially in varnishes, and to improve therheological and coloristic properties of the pigments. The viscosity ofthe highly pigmented paint concentrate (millbase) is lowered and theflocculation of the pigment particles reduced. This makes it possible,for example, to enhance the transparency and gloss. Such enhancement isparticularly desirable in the case of metallic pigments.

[0004] There are a large number of proposals for improving therheological and coloristic properties of organic pigments by addingpigment dispersants, but they do not always lead to the result hopedfor.

[0005] For instance, EP-A-0 321 919 describes the production of pigmentpreparations by mixing the base pigments with pigment derivativescontaining methyleneimidazolyl groups. EP-A-0 877 058 describes thepreparation of carboxamido-containing pigment dispersants, and pigmentpreparations comprising these pigment dispersants.

[0006] DE-A-3 106 906 describes the preparation ofsulfonamido-containing pigment dispersants. Pigment dispersants based ondiketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, however, are not mentioned.

[0007] JP H3-26767 describes sulfonamido-containing pigment dispersantsbased on diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds. The pigment preparationsproduced with them, however, do not meet every requirement imposed onpigment preparations in respect of the performance properties. Forinstance, their solvent fastness and fastness to overcoating isinadequate, so greatly restricting their universal application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] There was a need for improvement, and, accordingly, the objectwas to provide pigment preparations which overcome the abovementioneddisadvantages of the prior art.

[0009] It has been found that the object is achieved, surprisingly, bymeans of pigment dispersants based on specific diketopyrrolopyrrolecompounds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] The invention provides pigment dispersants of the formula (I)

[0011] in which Q is a radical of the diketopyrrolopyrrole compound ofthe formula (Ia)

[0012] S is a number from 0.1 to 40,

[0013] n is a number from 0 to 2,

[0014] E⁺is H⁺or the equivalent M^(m+)/m of a metal cation M^(m+)frommain groups 1 to 5 or transition groups 1 or 2 or 4 to 8 of the periodicsystem of the chemical elements, m being 1, 2 or 3, such as, forexample, Li¹⁺, Na¹⁺, K¹⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺,Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺or Fe³⁺; an ammonium ion N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹R¹²,where the substituents R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² independently of one anotherare each a hydrogen atom, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₅-C₃₀-cycloalkyl, phenyl, (C₁-C₈)-alkyl-phenyl,(C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl, such as benzyl, or a (poly)alkyleneoxy group ofthe formula —[CH(R⁸⁰)—CH(R⁸⁰)—O]_(k)—H, in which k is a number from 1 to30 and the two radicals R⁸⁰ independently of one another are hydrogen,C₁-C₄-alkyl or, if k is>1, a combination thereof, and in which alkyl,alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or alkylphenyl R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and/or R¹² maybe substituted by amino, hydroxyl and/or carboxyl;

[0015] or where the substituents R⁹ and R¹⁰, together with thequaternary nitrogen atom, are able to form a five- to seven-memberedsaturated ring system containing, if desired, further heteroatoms fromthe group consisting of O, S and N, said system being, for example, ofthe pyrrolidone, imidazolidine, hexamethyleneimine, piperidine,piperazine or morpholine type;

[0016] or where the substituents R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, together with thequaternary nitrogen atom, are able to form a five- to seven-memberedaromatic ring system, containing, if desired, further heteroatoms fromthe group consisting of O, S and N, and to which additional rings may befused if desired, said ring system being, for example, of the pyrrole,imidazole, pyridine, picoline, pyrazine, quinoline or isoquinoline type;or in which E⁺defines an ammonium ion of the formula (Ic)

[0017] in which

[0018] R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ independently of one another are hydrogenor a (poly)alkyleneoxy group of the formula —[CH(R⁸⁰)—CH(R⁸⁰)O]_(k)—H,in which k is a number from 1 to 30 and the two radicals R⁸⁰independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl or, if k is>1, acombination thereof;

[0019] q is a number from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0020] p is a number from 1 to 5, where p is≦q+1;

[0021] T is a branched or unbranched C₂-C₆-alkylene radical; or in whichT, if q is>1, may also be a combination of branched or unbranchedC₂-C₆-alkylene radicals;

[0022] and in which the two radicals Z are identical or different and Zhas the definition Z¹ or Z⁴, where

[0023] Z¹ is a radical of the formula (Ib)

—[X—Y]_(q)R³   (Ib)

[0024] in which

[0025] X is a C₂-C₆-alkylene radical, a C₅-C₇-cycloalkylene radical, ora combination of these radicals, it being possible for these radicals tobe substituted by from 1 to 4 C₁-C₄-alkyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals,(C₁-C₄)-hydroxyalkyl radicals and/or by 1 or 2 further C₅-C₇-cycloalkylradicals, or in which X, if q is>1, may also be a combination of saiddefinitions;

[0026] Y is a —O—,

[0027] or —NR²— group, or in which Y, if q is>1, may also be acombination of said definitions;

[0028] q is a number from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0029] R² and R³ independently of one another are a hydrogen atom, asubstituted or unsubstituted, or partly fluorinated or perfluorinated,branched or unbranched (C₁-C₂₀)-alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted,or partly fluorinated or perfluorinated (C₂-C₂₀)-alkenyl group, it beingpossible for the substituents to be hydroxyl, phenyl, cyano, chloro,bromo, amino, C₂-C₄-acyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy and to be preferably 1 to 4 innumber, or

[0030] R² and R³, together with the nitrogen atom, form a saturated,unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic 5- to 7-membered ring containing,if desired, 1 or 2 further nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms or carbonylgroups in the ring, being substituted if desired by 1, 2 or 3 of theradicals OH, phenyl, CN, Cl, Br, C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₄-acyland carbamoyl, and carrying, if desired, 1 or 2 benzo-fused saturated,unsaturated or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;

[0031] and where

[0032] Z⁴ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, phenyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl,C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, it being possible for the phenyl ring,the (C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl group and the alkyl group to be substitutedby one or more, e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4, substituents from the groupconsisting of Cl, Br, CN, NH₂, OH, C₆H₅, mono-, di- ortri-C₁-C₄-alkoxy-substituted C₆H₅, carbamoyl, C₂-C₄-acyl andC₁-C₄-alkoxy, e.g., methoxy or ethoxy, and it being possible for thephenyl ring and the (C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl group to be substituted byNR²R³, R² and R³ being as defined above, or the alkyl group isperfluorinated or partly fluorinated.

[0033] Of interest are pigment dispersants of the formula (I) wheres=0.2 - 3.0 and n=0 - 0.5. Of particular interest are pigmentdispersants of the formula (I) where s=0.5 - 2.5 and n=0 - 0.2.

[0034] Further of interest are pigment dispersants of the formula (I)wherein

[0035] R² and R³ independently of one another are a hydrogen atom, aC₁-C₆-alkyl group or a C₁-C₆-alkyl group substituted by 1 or 2substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, acetyl, methoxy,ethoxy, chloro and bromo, or

[0036] R² and R³, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, form animidazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pipecolinyl, pyrrolyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinonyl, indolyl or piperazinyl ring.

[0037] Further of interest are pigment dispersants of the formula (I)wherein X is a C₂-C₄-alkylene radical or cyclohexylene.

[0038] Of particular interest are pigment dispersants of the formula (I)wherein Z¹ has the definition —[(CH₂)₃—NH]₂—H, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₂H,—(CH₂)₃—NH—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,

—(CH₂)₂—N N—(CH₂)₂—NH₂ —(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,—(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₃—H,—(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₄—H, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₅—H, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₄—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,

[0039] —(CH₂)₂—OH, —(CH₂)₃—OH, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—OH, —CH(CH₂—CH₃)CH₂—OH,—CH(CH₂OH)₂, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—OH or —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—OH;—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—NH₂, —CH₂—C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—NH₂,

[0040] —(CH₂)₂—NH—CH₃, —(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₂—NH—CH₂—CH₃,—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₂—CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH—CH₃, —(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH—CH₂—CH₃or —(CH₂)₃—N(CH₂—CH₃)₂.

[0041] Further of interest are pigment dispersants of the formula (I)wherein Z⁴ is hydrogen, amino, phenyl, benzyl, NR²R³-substituted phenylor benzyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, or a C₂-C₆-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl which issubstituted by 1 or 2 substituents from the group consisting ofhydroxyl, acetyl, methoxy and ethoxy, and with particular preference ishydrogen,

[0042] methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropylor methoxypropyl.

[0043] The pigment dispersants of the invention may be prepared bychlorosulfonating the diketopyrrolopyrrole compound of the formula (Ia)

[0044] and then reacting the sulfochloride with an amine of the formula(V)

[0045] in which Z is as defined above.

[0046] Examples of amines of the formula (V) which may be used areammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine,n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, isopentylamine, n-hexylamine,dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, n-ethylbutylamine,β-hydroxyethylamine, β- or γ-hydroxypropylamine, n-methylethanolamine,diethanolamine, 3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-1-propanol,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline, hydroxylamine, hydrazine,N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, dimethylaminomethylamine,diethylaminoethylamine, 2-ethylhexylaminoethylamine,stearylaminoethylamine, oleylaminoethylamine, dimethylaminoproyplamine,diethylaminopropylamine, dibutylaminopropylamine,diethylaminobutylamine, dimethylaminoamylamine, diethylaminohexylamine,1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane, piperidinomethylamine,piperidinoethylamine, piperidinopropylamine, pipecolinoethylamine,pipecolinopropylamine, imidazolopropylamine, morpholinoethylamine,morpholinopropylamine, piperazinoethylamine, 2-methoxyethylam ine,3-ethoxypropylamine, di-(2-methoxyethyl)amine, cyclohexylamine,N-ethylcyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, benzylamine,2-phenylethylamine, 4-methoxyphenylethylamine,1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine,aniline, o-toluidine, p-toluidine, N-ethylaniline,3-(cyclohexylamino)propylamine, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol,2-(2-(3-aminopropoxy)-ethoxy)ethanol,3,3′-oxy-bis(ethyleneoxy)bis(propylamine), ethylenediamine,1,2-propanediamine, 1, 3-propanediamine, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, isophoronediamine, diethylenetriamine,triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine,dipropylenetriamine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine,tripropylenetetramine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropylamine,N,N′-bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine,bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)amine, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine,4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine,5-amino-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethanamine or1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane.

[0047] The chlorosulfonation is judiciously conducted usingchlorosulfonic acid in a weight excess of from 4 to 25 times, based onthe diketopyrrolopyrrole, and preferably further adding from 1 to 10times the molar amount, based on the diketopyrroloyrrole, of thionylchloride. The chlorosulfonation is preferably conducted at a temperatureof from −10 to +150°C., in particular at from 0 to 100°C., underatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure. The diketopyrrolopyrrolesulfochloride is judiciously precipitated in water and isolated.

[0048] The reaction of the sulfochloride with the amine takes placepreferably at a temperature of from 0 to 100°C., in particular at from 0to 70°C. The molar amounts of amine:sulfochloride are judiciously (from0.5 to 10):1, in particular (1 - 4):1.

[0049] The present invention further provides a pigment preparationcomprising

[0050] a) at least one organic base pigment, and

[0051] b) at least one pigment dispersant of the formula (I).

[0052] By base pigments are meant organic pigments or mixtures oforganic pigments which may also be present in the form of customarypigment preparations. Examples of suitable base pigments for producingthe pigment preparations of the invention are perylene, perinone,quinacridone, quinacridonequinone, anthraquinone, anthanthrone,benzimidazolone, disazo condensation, azo, indanthrone, phthalocyanine,triarylcarbonium, dioxazine, aminoanthraquinone, diketopyrrolopyrrole,thioindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone, pyranthrone, isoviolanthrone andcarbon black pigments or mixtures thereof.

[0053] Examples of preferred base pigments for the purposes of thepresent invention are C.I. Pigment Red 123 (C.I. No. 71145), C.I.Pigment Red 149 (C.I. No. 71137), C.I. Pigment Red 178 (C.I. No. 71155), C.I. Pigment Red 179 (C.I. No. 71 130), C.I. Pigment Red 190 (C.I.71 140), C.I. Pigment Red 224 (C.I. No. 71 127), C.I. Pigment Violet 29(C.I. No. 71 129), C.I. Pigment Orange 43 (C.I. No. 71 105), C.I.Pigment Red 194 (C.I. No. 71 100), C.I. Pigment Violet 19 (C.I. No. 73900), C.I. Pigment Red 122 (C.I. No. 73 915), C.I. Pigment Red 192, C.I.Pigment Red 202 (C.I. No. 73 907), C.I. Pigment Red 207, C.I. PigmentRed 209 (C.I. No. 73 905), C.I. Pigment Red 206 (C.I. No. 73 900/73920), C.I. Pigment Orange 48 (C.I. No. 73 900/73 920), C.I. PigmentOrange 49 (C.I. No. 73 900/73 920), C.I. Pigment Orange 42, C.I. PigmentYellow 147, C.I. Pigment Red 168 (C.I. No. 59 300), C.I. Pigment Yellow120 (C.I. No. 11 783), C.I. Pigment Yellow 151 (C.I. No. 13 980), C.I.Pigment Brown 25 (C.I. No. 12 510), C.I. Pigment Violet 32 (C.I. No. 12517), C.I. Pigment Orange 64; C.I. Pigment Brown 23 (C.I. No. 20 060),C.I. Pigment Red 166 (C.I. No. 20 730), C.I. Pigment Red 170 (C.I. No.12 475), C.I. Pigment Orange 38 (C.I. No. 12 367), C.I. Pigment Red 188(C.I. No. 12 467), C.I. Pigment Red 187 (C.I. No. 12 486), C.I. PigmentOrange 34 (C.I. No. 21 115), C.I. Pigment Orange 13 (C.I. No. 21 110),C.I. Pigment Red 9 (C.I. No. 12 460), C.I. Pigment Red 2 (C.I. No. 12310), C.I. Pigment Red 112 (C.I. No. 12 340), C.I. Pigment Red 7 (C.I.No. 12 420), C.I. Pigment Red 210 (C.I. No. 12 477), C.I. Pigment Red 12(C.I. No. 12 385), C.I. Pigment Blue 60 (C.I. No. 69 800), C.I. PigmentGreen 7 (C.I. No. 74 260),C.I. Pigment Green 36 (C.I. No. 74 265); C.I.Pigment Blue 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 15:6 and 15 (C.I. No. 74 160); C.I.Pigment Blue 56 (C.I. No. 42 800), C.I. Pigment Blue 61 (C.I. No. 42765:1), C.I. Pigment Violet 23 (C.I. No. 51 319), C.I. Pigment Violet37(C.I. No. 51 345), C.I. Pigment Red 177 (C.I. No. 65 300), C.I. PigmentRed 254 (C.I. No. 56 110), C.I. Pigment Red 255 (C.I. No. 56 1050), C.I.Pigment Red 264, C.I. Pigment Red 270, C.I. Pigment Red 272 (C.I. No. 561150), C.I. Pigment Red 71, C.I. Pigment Orange 73, C.I. Pigment Red 88(C.I. No. 73 312).

[0054] In addition to the base pigment a) and the pigment dispersant b),the pigment preparations of the invention may further comprise customaryadditives, such as fillers, standardizers, surfactants, resins,defoamers, antidust agents, extenders, shading colorants, preservatives,drying retarders, and rheology control additives, for example.

[0055] Preferred pigment preparations for the purposes of the presentinvention consist essentially of

[0056] a) from 50 to 99.5% by weight, preferably from 60 to 98,8% byweight, of at least one base pigment a),

[0057] b) from 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably from 1 to 15% by weight,of at least one, preferably 1 or 2, pigment dispersant(s) b) of theformula (I),

[0058] c) from 0 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight,of surfactants, and

[0059] d) from 0 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight,of further customary additives,

[0060] the fractions of the respective components being based on theoverall weight of the preparation (100% by weight).

[0061] Suitable surface-active agents c) include anionic oranion-active, cationic or cation-active, or nonionic substances ormixtures thereof. Examples of suitable anionic substances are fatty acidtaurides, fatty acid N-methyltaurides, fatty acid isethionates,alkylphenylsulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, alkylphenolpolyglycol ether sulfates, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates;fatty acids, e.g., palmitic, stearic and oleic acid; fatty acid amidepolyglycol ether sulfates; alkylsulfosuccinamates; alkenylsuccinicmonoesters, fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfosuccinates,alkanesulfonates, fatty acid glutamates, alkylsulfosuccinates, fattyacid sarcosides; soaps, e.g., alkali metal salts of fatty acids,naphthenic acids and resin acids, e.g., abietic acid, alkali-solubleresins, e.g., rosin-modified maleate resins and condensation productsbased on cyanuric chloride, taurene, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylamine, such asN,N-diethylaminopropylamine, for example, and p-phenylenediamine;preference is given to resin soaps, i.e., alkali metal salts of resinacids.

[0062] Examples of suitable cationic substances are quaternary ammoniumsalts, fatty amine oxalkylates, oxalkylated polyamines, fatty aminepolyglycol ethers, fatty amines, diamines and polyamines derived fromfatty amines or fatty alcohols, and the oxalkylates of these amines;imidazolines derived from fatty acids, and salts of these cationicsubstances.

[0063] Examples of suitable nonionic substances are amine oxides, fattyalcohol polyglycol ethers, fatty acid polyglycol esters, betaines, suchas fatty acid amide N-propyl betaines, phosphoric esters of fattyalcohols or fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, fatty acid amideethoxylates, fatty alcohol-alkylene oxide adducts, and alkylphenolpolyglycol ethers.

[0064] The pigment preparations of the invention generally comprisesolid systems of free-flowing pulverulent consistency, or granules.

[0065] The dispersing effect which can be achieved in accordance withthe invention is assumed to derive from a modification of the surfacestructure of the base pigments by the pigment dispersant as per b). Thusin a range of cases the efficacy of the pigment dispersant as per b) andthe quality of the pigment preparations produced therewith are dependenton the point in time at which the pigment dispersant as per b) is addedin the production process of the base pigment. Where more than onepigment dispersant as per b) is used, the dispersants may be addedsimultaneously or at different points in time or may be mixed prior totheir addition.

[0066] The efficacy of the pigment dispersant as per b) may also dependon its particle size and particle morphology and on the extent of theavailable pigment surface. It may be advantageous to add the pigmentdispersant as per b) to the base pigment only in the prospectiveapplication medium. The optimum concentration of the pigment dispersantas per b) in each case must be determined by means of preliminaryrangefinding tests, since the enhancement of the properties of the basepigments is not always in linear proportion to the amount of pigmentdispersant.

[0067] The pigment preparations of the invention may comprise mixturesof one or more, preferably 1 or 2, base pigments with one or more,preferably 1 or 2, of the pigment dispersants as per b).

[0068] The invention also provides a process for producing a pigmentpreparation of the invention, which comprises mixing the pigmentdispersant(s) as per (b) and the base pigment(s) with one another orcausing them to act on one another at any desired point in time duringtheir production process.

[0069] The production process of an organic pigment embraces itssynthesis, possibly fine division, by grinding or reprecipitation, forexample, possibly finishing, and its isolation as a presscake or in theform of dry granules or powder. For example, the pigment dispersant asper b) may be added prior to or during the pigment synthesis,immediately prior to or during the fine division process or a subsequentfinishing. The temperatures prevailing may be, for example, from 0 to200° C. The pigment dispersant as per b) can of course also be added inportions at different times.

[0070] The addition of the pigment dispersant as per b) as part of afine division process takes place, for example, prior to or during thedry grinding of a crude pigment with or without additional millingauxiliaries on a roll mill or vibratory mill, or prior to or during thewet grinding of a crude pigment in an aqueous, aqueous-organic ororganic grinding medium on, for example, a bead mill.

[0071] It has also proven suitable to add the pigment dispersant as perb) prior to or after finishing the base pigment in an aqueous,aqueous-alkaline, aqueous-organic or organic medium. The pigmentdispersant as per b) may also be added to the water-moist pigmentpresscake, and incorporated, before drying, in which case the pigmentdispersant as per b) may itself be present as a presscake. A furtherpossibility is to make dry mixes of powders or granules of the pigmentdispersant as per b) with the powder or granules of one or more basepigments, or to effect mixing by grinding or pulverizing components a)and b).

[0072] The pigment preparations of the invention are notable for theiroutstanding coloristic and rheological properties, especially foroutstanding rheology, high flocculation stability, high transparency,ease of dispersibility, excellent gloss behavior, high color strength,excellent fastness to overcoating and to solvents, and very good weatherfastness. They are suitable for use both in solventborne and aqueoussystems.

[0073] The pigment preparations produced in accordance with theinvention may be used to pigment high molecular mass organic materialsof natural or synthetic origin, examples being plastics, resins,varnishes, paints, or electrophotographic toners and developers, andalso writing, drawing and printing inks.

[0074] Examples of high molecular mass organic materials which may bepigmented with the abovementioned pigment preparations are celluloseethers and cellulose esters, such as ethylcellulose, nitrocellulose,cellulose acetate or cellulose butyrate, natural resins or syntheticresins, such as addition-polymerization resins or condensation resins,e.g., amino resins, especially urea-formaldehyde andmelamine-formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, acrylic resins, phenolicresins, polycarbonates, polyolefins, such as polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylates,polyamides, polyurethanes or polyesters, rubber, casein, silicone andsilicone resins, individually or in mixtures.

[0075] It is unimportant here whether the abovementioned high molecularmass organic compounds are present in the form of plastic masses, melts,spinning solutions, varnishes, paints or printing inks. Depending on theintended use it is found advantageous to utilize the pigmentpreparations, obtained in accordance with the invention, as a blend orin the form of prepared formulations or dispersions. Based on the highmolecular mass organic material for pigmentation, the pigmentpreparations of the invention are used in an amount of from 0.05 to 30%by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight.

[0076] The pigment preparations of the invention are also suitable foruse as colorants in electrophotographic toners and developers, such asone- or two-component powder toners (also called one- or two-componentdevelopers), magnetic toners, liquid toners, polymerization toners, andspecialty toners, for example (L. B. Schein, “Electrophotography andDevelopment Physics”; Springer Series in Electrophysics 14, SpringerVerlag, 2nd edition, 1992).

[0077] Typical toner binders are addition polymerization, polyadditionand polycondensation resins, such as styrene, styrene-acrylate,styrene-butadiene, acrylate, polyester, and phenol-epoxy resins,polysulfones, polyurethanes, individually or in combination, and alsopolyethylene and polypropylene, which may include further constituents,such as charge control agents, waxes or flow assistants, or may bemodified subsequently with these additives.

[0078] Furthermore, the pigment preparations of the invention aresuitable for use as colorants in powders and powder coating materials,especially in triboelectrically or electrokinetically sprayable powdercoating materials, which are used to coat the surfaces of articles made,for example, of metal, wood, plastic, glass, ceramic, concrete, textilematerial, paper or rubber (J. F. Hughes, “Electrostatics Powder Coating”Research Studies, John Wiley & Sons, 1984).

[0079] Typical powder coating resins used are epoxy resins, carboxyl-and hydroxyl-containing polyester resins, polyurethane resins andacrylic resins, together with customary hardeners. Resin combinationsare also used. For example, epoxy resins are frequently used incombination with carboxyl- and hydroxyl-containing polyester resins.Typical hardener components (depending on the resin system) are, forexample, acid anhydrides, imidazoles and also dicyandiamide andderivatives thereof, blocked isocyanates, bisacylurethanes, phenolicresins and melamine resins, triglycidyl isocyanurates, oxazolines, anddicarboxylic acids.

[0080] In addition, the pigment preparations of the invention aresuitable for use as colorants in inkjet inks on either an aqueous ornonaqueous basis and in those inks which operate in accordance with thehot-melt process.

[0081] Furthermore, the pigment preparations of the invention are alsosuitable as colorants for color filters and for both additive andsubtractive color generation.

[0082] It is also possible for the pigment dispersant as per b) to beadded to the base pigment, or vice versa, only in the applicationmedium. The invention therefore further provides a prepared pigmentformulation consisting essentially of one or more organic base pigmentsa), one or more pigment dispersants as per b), said high molecular massorganic material, especially varnish, and, if desired, surfactant and/orother customary additives. The overall amount of base pigment pluspigment dispersant as per b) is, for example, from 0.05 to 30% byweight, preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight, based on the overallweight of the prepared pigment formulation.

[0083] In order to evaluate the properties in the coatings sector of thepigment preparations, a selection was made, from among the large numberof known varnishes, of an alkyd-melamine resin varnish (AM) containingaromatic components and based on a medium-oil alkyd resin and on abutanol-etherified melamine resin, of a polyester varnish (PE) based oncellulose acetobutyrate and on a melamine resin, of a high-solidsacrylic resin baking varnish based on a nonaqueous dispersion (HS), andof a polyurethane-based aqueous varnish (PUR).

[0084] The color strength and shade were determined in accordance withDIN 55986. The rheology of the millbase after dispersion (millbaserheology) was evaluated visually on the basis of the followingfive-point scale: 5 highly fluid 4 liquid 3 viscous 2 slightly set 1 set

[0085] Following dilution of the millbase to the final pigmentconcentration, the viscosity was assessed using the Rossmannviscospatula type 301 from Erichsen.

[0086] Gloss measurements were carried out on cast films at an angle of20° in accordance with DIN 67530 (ASTMD 523) using the “multigloss”gloss meter from Byk-Mallinckrodt. The solvent fastness was determinedin accordance with DIN 55976. The fastness to overcoating was determinedin accordance with DIN 53221.

EXAMPLES

[0087] In the examples below, parts and percentages are in each case byweight. “min” are minutes.

EXAMPLE 1a

[0088]

[0089] A four-necked flask is charged with 250 parts of chlorosulfonicacid, and 25 parts of 1,4-diketo-3,6-di(4-biphenyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroleare introduced and dissolved at a rate such that the temperature doesnot exceed 25°C. Then 19.64 parts of thionyl chloride are added dropwiseover the course of 15 min and the mixture is stirred for 15 min. Overthe course of 15 min, the solution is added dropwise to 1000 parts ofice-water, prepared from 333 parts of ice and 667 parts of water. Theprecipitated sulfochloride is filtered and washed with 750 parts of coldwater. A four-necked flask is charged with 70 parts of ice, 70 parts ofwater and 15.3 parts of 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine and thesulfochloride presscake is introduced at from 0 to 5° C. The mixture isthen stirred at 0 to 5° C. for 1 h, heated to 25° C. in 30 min, stirredat 25° C. for 30 min, heated to 50° C. in 30 min, stirred at 50° C. for30 min, heated to 70° C. in 30 min and stirred at 70° C. for 30 min. Theproduct is filtered, washed with water and dried in a forced air oven at80° C. This gives 39.9 parts of pigment dispersant. From the intensitiesof the ¹H-NMR signals, the degree of substitution s is calculated to beabout 1.6.

[0090]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 5.9; 3.1; 2.7; 2.5; 1.8 ppm.

EXAMPLE 1b

[0091] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaX prepared in accordance with Example 1a.

[0092] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The gloss measurement givesa value of 65. The metallic coating is strongly colored and bright.

EXAMPLE 2a

[0093]

[0094] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 21.63 parts of N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine. This gives42.1 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0095]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.9; 3.6; 3.1; 2.8; 1.8 ppm.

[0096] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.7.

EXAMPLE 2b

[0097] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXI prepared in accordance with Example 2a.

[0098] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The viscosity is 2.6 s. Thegloss measurement gives a value of 75. The metallic coating is stronglycolored and bright.

EXAMPLE 3a

[0099]

[0100] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 19.38 parts of N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine. This gives39.3 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0101]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.6; 3.1 ppm.

[0102] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.0.

EXAMPLE 3b

[0103] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXII prepared in accordance with Example 3a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 4a

[0104]

[0105] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 13.22 parts of 3-(methylamino)propylamine. This gives36.1 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0106]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.2; 2.8; 2.6; 2.4; 1.9; 1.8 ppm.

[0107] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.2.

EXAMPLE 4b

[0108] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXIII prepared in accordance with Example 4a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 5a

[0109]

[0110] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 15.62 parts of N-(2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine. This gives37.5 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0111]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 4.2; 4.1; 3.2; 3.1 ppm.

[0112] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.2.

EXAMPLE 5b

[0113] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXIV prepared in accordance with Example 5a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 6a

[0114]

[0115] The procedure of Example 1 a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 28.5 parts of 3-(dibutylamino)-1-propylamine, 98% pure.This gives 47.4 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0116]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.1; 2.7; 2.6; 1.7; 1.2; 0.9; 0.5 ppm.

[0117] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.9.

EXAMPLE 6b

[0118] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0119] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The rheology is evaluatedas from 4 to 5 and the viscosity is 1.1 s. The gloss measurement gives avalue of 81. The metallic coating is strongly colored and bright.

[0120] Without the addition of the pigment dispersant, the HS coatingsare weaker in color and substantially more hiding. The rheology isevaluated as 3 and the viscosity is 16.5 s. The gloss measurement givesa value of 52. The metallic coating is markedly weaker in color and lessbright.

[0121] The coating in the PE varnish is transparent and stronglycolored. The gloss measurement gives a value of 82. The metallic coatingis strongly colored and bright. Without the addition of the pigmentdispersant, the PE coatings are weaker in color, markedly more hiding,and so matt that it is impossible to measure a gloss. The metalliccoating is significantly weaker in color and less bright.

EXAMPLE 7a

[0122]

[0123] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 15.77 parts of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol . This gives 40.5parts of pigment dispersant.

[0124]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 4.1; 3.5; 3.3; 2.9 ppm.

[0125] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.6.

EXAMPLE 7b

[0126] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXVI prepared in accordance with Example 7a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 8a

[0127]

[0128] The procedure of Example Ia is repeated except that the amineused comprises 13.78 parts of 2-amino-1-butanol. This gives 36.6 partsof pigment dispersant.

[0129]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 4.3; 4.1; 3.7; 1.5; 0.6 ppm.

[0130] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.4.

EXAMPLE 8b

[0131] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXVII prepared in accordance with Example 8a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 9a

[0132]

[0133] The procedure of Example la is repeated except that the amineused comprises 21.33 parts of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone. Thisgives 42.2 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0134]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.4; 3.2; 2.9; 2.7; 1.8; 1.7 ppm.

[0135] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.6.

EXAMPLE 9b

[0136] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXVIII prepared in accordance with Example 9a. A pigment preparation isobtained which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish.

EXAMPLE 10a

[0137]

[0138] The procedure of Example 1a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 19.54 parts of diethylaminopropylamine. This gives 41.3parts of pigment dispersant.

[0139]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.1; 2.7; 1.7; 0.8 ppm.

[0140] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.7.

[0141] The solvent fastness of the dispersant is very good.

EXAMPLE 10b

[0142] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXIX prepared in accordance with Example 10a.

[0143] A pigment preparation is obtained whose solvent fastness is verygood and which gives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the HSvarnish. The rheology is evaluated as 4-5 and the viscosity is 1.8 s.The gloss measurement gives a value of 71. The metallic coating isstrongly colored and bright.

[0144] Without the addition of the pigment dispersant, the HS coatingsare weaker in color and substantially more hiding. The rheology isevaluated as 3 and the viscosity is so high that it cannot be measuredusing the viscospatula. The gloss as well is impossible to measure,owing to the severe flocculation. The metallic coating is notably weakerin color and less bright.

[0145] The coating in the PE varnish is transparent and stronglycolored. The gloss measurement gives a value of 33. The metallic coatingis strongly colored and bright. Without the addition of the pigmentdispersant, the PE coatings are weaker in color, markedly more hiding,and so matt that it is impossible to measure a gloss. The metalliccoating is significantly weaker in color and less bright.

[0146] The coating in the AM varnish is transparent and stronglycolored. The gloss measurement gives a value of 89. The viscosity is 5.4s.

[0147] Without the addition of the pigment dispersant, the AM coatingsare weaker in color, significantly more hiding and so matt that thegloss cannot be measured. The viscosity is so high that it cannot bemeasured using the viscospatula.

EXAMPLE 10c

[0148] 28.5 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red264) are mixed mechanically with 1.5 parts of pigment dispersant of theformula XIX prepared in accordance with Example 10a. The solventfastness of the pigment preparation is very good.

EXAMPLE 11a

[0149] (Comparative Example A, pigment dispersant of the formula XX fromJP-H3-26767, Example 1)

[0150] The pigment dispersant of the formula XX is prepared as describedin JP-H3-26767, Example 1.

[0151]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ8.0; 7.9; 7.8; 7.7; 3. 1; 2.7; 1.7; 0.8 ppm.

[0152] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution,s, is calculated to be about 1.2.

[0153] The solvent fastness of the pigment preparation is inadequate. Incomparison to the solvent fastness of the pigment preparation of theformula XIX prepared in accordance with Example 10a it is significantlypoorer and thus distinctly inferior.

EXAMPLE 11b

[0154] (Comparative Example B: Pigment preparation containing pigmentdispersant from JP-H3-26767, Example 1)

[0155] 28.5 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red264) are mixed mechanically withl.5 parts of pigment dispersant of theformula XX prepared in accordance with Example 11a.

[0156] The solvent fastness of the pigment preparation is inadequate. Incomparison to the solvent fastness of the pigment preparation preparedin accordance with Example 10c it is significantly poorer and thusdistinctly inferior.

EXAMPLE 12a (PE varnish)

[0157] A coating is prepared in the PE varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 10c. The fastness to overcoating isexcellent, with no evidence of bleeding.

[0158] A coating is prepared in the PE varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 11b. The fastness to overcoating isdeficient, with severe bleeding being visible.

Example 12b (PUR varnish)

[0159] A coating is prepared in the PUR varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 10c. The fastness to overcoating isexcellent, with no evidence of bleeding.

[0160] A coating is prepared in the PUR varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 11b. The fastness to overcoating isunacceptable, with very severe bleeding being visible.

EXAMPLE 13a

[0161] (Comparative Example C: pigment dispersant of the formula (XX)according to Example 10a)

[0162] The pigment dispersant of the formula XX is prepared as perExample 10a with the sole difference that, instead of 25 parts of1,4-diketo-3,6-di-(4-biphenyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole, 16.4 parts of1,4-diketo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole are used. This gives 17.2parts of pigment dispersant.

[0163]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ8.0; 7.9; 7.8; 7.7; 3.1; 2.7; 1.7; 0.8 ppm.

[0164] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 0.12.

[0165] The solvent fastness of the pigment preparation is inadequate. Incomparison to the solvent fastness of the pigment preparation of theformula XIX prepared in accordance with Example 10a it is significantlypoorer and thus distinctly inferior.

EXAMPLE 13b

[0166] (Comparative Example D: Pigment preparation containing pigmentdispersant of the formula (XX) from Example 13a)

[0167] 30 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 3 parts of pigment dispersant of the formula(XX) prepared in accordance with Example 13a.

[0168] The solvent fastness of the pigment preparation is inadequate. Incomparison to the solvent fastness of the pigment preparation preparedin accordance with Example 10c it is significantly poorer and thusdistinctly inferior.

EXAMPLE 14a (PE varnish)

[0169] A coating is prepared in the PE varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 10b. The coating is transparent andstrongly colored, the gloss measurement gives a value of 33. Themetallic coating is strongly colored and bright. The fastness toovercoating is excellent, with no evidence of bleeding.

[0170] A coating is prepared in the PE varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 13b. Compared with the above coating,it is markedly more hiding, substantially weaker in color, the gloss isimpossible to measure owing to the severe flocculation, and the metalliccoating is substantially weaker in color and paler. The fastness toovercoating is deficient, with severe bleeding being visible.

EXAMPLE 14b (PUR varnish)

[0171] A coating is prepared in the PUR varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 10b. The fastness to overcoating isexcellent, with no evidence of bleeding.

[0172] A coating is prepared in the PUR varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 13b. The fastness to overcoating isunacceptable, with very severe bleeding being visible.

EXAMPLE 14c (HS varnish)

[0173] A coating is prepared in the HS varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 10b. This coating is transparent andstrongly colored. The rheology is assessed as from 4 to 5 and theviscosity is 1.8 s. The gloss measurement gives a value of 71. Themetallic coating is strongly colored and bright. The fastness toovercoating is excellent.

[0174] A coating is prepared in the HS varnish using the pigmentpreparation prepared as in Example 13b. Compared with the above coating,it is notably weaker in color. The rheology is evaluated as only 3 andthe viscosity has increased to 3.0 s. The gloss measurement gives avalue of only 43. The metallic coating is substantially weaker in colorand paler. The test of fastness to overcoating shows marked bleeding.

EXAMPLE 15

[0175] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 177)are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0176] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives coatings in the HSvarnish which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 177), are more transparent, moreglossy and distinctly stronger in color; the masstone coatings of theuntreated standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 177) show ahaze. The metallic coatings of the prepared pigment formulation aresignificantly cleaner and brighter than the metallic coatings of theuntreated standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 177).

[0177] In the PE varnish, the coatings of the pigment preparation aremore transparent, substantially stronger in color and more glossy, andthe metallic coatings are substantially stronger in color and brighterthan the corresponding coatings of the untreated standard commercialpigment (C.I. Pigment Red 177).

EXAMPLE 16

[0178] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Brown 25)are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0179] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givescoatings which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Brown 25), are stronger in color. Themetallic coatings of the prepared pigment formulation are stronger incolor and brighter.

EXAMPLE 17

[0180] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Violet23) are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of theformula XV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0181] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givescoatings which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Violet 23), are more transparent,stronger in color and substantially redder. The metallic coatings of theprepared pigment formulation are stronger in color, brighter andsubstantially redder than the metallic coatings of the untreatedstandard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Violet 23).

[0182] In the PE varnish, the coatings of the pigment preparation aremore transparent, stronger in color and markedly redder, and themetallic coatings are stronger in color and redder than thecorresponding coatings of the untreated standard commercial pigment(C.I. Pigment Violet 23).

EXAMPLE 18

[0183] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Violet19, β-phase) are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant ofthe formula XV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0184] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the PE varnish givescoatings which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Violet 19, β-phase), are moretransparent, stronger in color and cleaner. The metallic coatings of theprepared pigment formulation are markedly stronger in color and brighterthan the metallic coatings of the untreated standard commercial pigment(C.I. Pigment Violet 19, β-phase).

EXAMPLE 19

[0185] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue15:1) are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of theformula XV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0186] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givescoatings which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 15:1), are more transparent, moreglossy and stronger in color. The metallic coatings of the preparedpigment formulation are stronger in color and brighter than the metalliccoatings of the untreated standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue15:1).

[0187] In the PE varnish, the coatings of the pigment preparation aremore transparent and the metallic coatings are substantially stronger incolor and brighter than the corresponding coatings of the untreatedstandard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 15:1).

EXAMPLE 20

[0188] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 60)are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0189] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givesstrongly colored and transparent coatings; the metallic coatings arestrongly colored and bright.

EXAMPLE 21

[0190] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 179)are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0191] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givescoatings which, compared with the coatings of the untreated standardcommercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 179), are more transparent, morestrongly colored and more glossy. The metallic coatings of the preparedpigment formulation are more strongly colored and brighter.

EXAMPLE 22

[0192] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 202)are mixed mechanically with 1 part of pigment dispersant of the formulaXV prepared in accordance with Example 6a.

[0193] A pigment preparation is obtained which in the HS varnish givestransparent and strongly colored coatings; the metallic coatings arestrongly colored and bright.

EXAMPLE 23

[0194] 298.7 g of tert-amyl alcohol are charged to a vessel and 20.0 gof sodium are added. The mixture is then heated to boiling and stirreduntil all of the sodium has reacted. After the batch has been cooled to80°C., 57.8 g of p-chlorobenzonitrile are introduced. The mixture isheated to 98-100°C. and 62.7 g of diisopropyl succinate are addeddropwise over the course of 2 hours. The mixture is subsequently stirredat boiling for 3 hours and 45 minutes. After the mixture has cooled to95°C., 3 g of pigment dispersant of the formula XV, prepared inaccordance with Example 6a, are added, the mixture is brought back toboiling and is stirred at boiling for 15 minutes. The reactionsuspension is cooled to 80° C. and poured with stirring into 450 g ofwater heated to 80°C. beforehand. The mixture is heated to boiling andstirred at boiling for 4 hours and 45 minutes. The alcohol is thenremoved by steam distillation. The pigment suspension is filtered andthe solid product is washed salt-free with hot water and dried underreduced pressure at 80°C. This gives 72.2 g of pigment preparation. Inthe HS varnish, the pigment preparation gives transparent and stronglycolored coatings, the rheology is evaluated as 5, and the glossmeasurement gives a value of 67.

EXAMPLE 24a

[0195]

[0196] A four-necked flask is charged with 250 parts of chlorosulfonicacid, and 25 parts of 1,4-diketo-3,6-di(4-biphenyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroleare introduced and dissolved at a rate such that the temperature doesnot exceed 25°C. Then 19.64 parts of thionyl chloride are added dropwiseover the course of 15 min and the mixture is stirred for 15 min. Overthe course of 15 min, the solution is added dropwise to 1000 parts ofice-water, prepared from 333 parts of ice and 667 parts of water. Theprecipitated sulfochloride is filtered and washed with 750 parts of coldwater. A four-necked flask is charged with 70 parts of ice, 70 parts ofwater and 23.4 parts of N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine and thesulfochloride presscake is introduced at from 0 to 50° C. The mixture isthen stirred at 0 to 50° C. for 1 h, heated to 25°C. in 30 min, stirredat 25° C. for 30 min, heated to 50°C. in 30 min, stirred at 50° C. for30 min, heated to 70°C. in 30 min and stirred at 70°C. for 30 min. Theproduct is filtered and washed with water. The presscake is suspended in782 parts of water and the pH of the suspension is adjusted to 8.6 usinga little aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Steam is passed through thesuspension and condensed until about 860 parts of distillate have beenobtained. The product is filtered, washed with water and dried in aforced air oven at 80°C. This gives 43.7 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0197] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.5.

[0198]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 5.5; 3.1; 2.7; 1.7; 1.6; 1.4; 1.2; 0.9;0.7 ppm.

EXAMPLE 24b

[0199] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 2 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXXI prepared in accordance with Example 24a.

[0200] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The viscosity is 2.5 s. Thegloss measurement gives a value of 78. The metallic coating is stronglycolored and bright.

EXAMPLE 25a

[0201]

[0202] The procedure of Example 24a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 22.3 parts of 2-(diisopropylamino)ethylamine. This gives40.2 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0203] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.5.

[0204]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.7; 7.6; 5.5; 3.3; 3.0; 0.9 ppm.

EXAMPLE 25b

[0205] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 2 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXXII prepared in accordance with Example 25a.

[0206] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The viscosity is 1.5 s. Thegloss measurement gives a value of 80. The metallic coating is stronglycolored and bright.

EXAMPLE 26a

[0207]

[0208] The procedure of Example 24a is repeated except that the amineused comprises 24.5 parts of 2-amino-5-diethylaminopentane. Thepresscake is suspended in 796 parts of water and the pH of thesuspension is adjusted to 8.7 using a little aqueous sodium hydroxidesolution. Steam is passed through the suspension and condensed untilabout 870 parts of distillate have been produced. The product isfiltered, washed with water and dried at 80° C. in a forced air oven.This gives 41.6 parts of pigment dispersant.

[0209] From the intensities of the signals, the degree of substitution sis calculated to be about 1.7.

[0210]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 5.4; 3.7; 2.7; 2.6; 1.5; 1.3; 1.0; 0.8ppm.

EXAMPLE 26b

[0211] 20 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 2 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXXIII prepared in accordance with Example 26a.

[0212] A pigment preparation is obtained which gives transparent andstrongly colored coatings in the HS varnish. The viscosity is 1.5 s. Thegloss measurement gives a value of 78. The metallic coating is stronglycolored and bright.

EXAMPLE 27a

[0213]

[0214] The procedure of Example 10a is repeated except that instead of19.54 parts only 7.16 parts of diethylaminopropylamine are used.

[0215] This gives 36.7 g of pigment dispersant.

[0216]¹H-NMR (D₂SO₄): δ7.8; 7.6; 3.1; 2.7; 1.7; 0.8 ppm.

[0217] From the intensities of the signals, a degree of substitution sof about 0.8 is calculated; this indicates a degree of substitution n ofabout 0.9.

EXAMPLE 27b

[0218] 40 parts of a standard commercial pigment (C.I. Pigment Red 264)are mixed mechanically with 4 parts of pigment dispersant of the formulaXXIV prepared in accordance with Example 27a. The solvent fastness ofthe pigment preparation is very good. The pigment preparation obtainedgives transparent and strongly colored coatings in the PUR varnish.

1. A pigment dispersant of the formula (I)

in which Q is a radical of the diketopyrrolopyrrole compound of theformula (Ia)

s is a number from 0.1 to 4.0, n is a number from 0 to 2, E⁺is H⁺or theequivalent M^(m+)/m of a metal cation M^(m+)from main groups 1 to 5 ortransition groups 1 or 2 or 4 to 8 of the periodic system of thechemical elements, m being 1, 2 or 3, an ammonium ion N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹R¹²,where the substituents R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² independently of one anotherare each a hydrogen atom, C₁-C₃₀-alkyl, C₂-C₃₀-alkenyl,C₅-C₃₀-cycloalkyl, phenyl, (C₁-C₈)-alkyl-phenyl,(C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl, or a (poly)alkyleneoxy group of the formula—[CH(R⁸⁰)-CH(R⁸⁰)—O]_(k)—H, in which k is a number from 1 to 30 and thetwo radicals R⁸⁰ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkylor, if k is>1, a combination thereof; and in which alkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkyl, phenyl or alkylphenyl is optionally substituted by amino,hydroxyl, carboxyl, or a combination thereof; or where the substituentsR⁹ and R¹⁰, together with the quaternary nitrogen atom, are able to forma five- to seven-membered saturated ring system optionally containingfurther heteroatoms from the group consisting of O, S and N, or wherethe substituents R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, together with the quaternary nitrogenatom, are able to form a five- to seven-membered aromatic ring system,optionally containing further heteroatoms from the group consisting ofO, S and N, and to which additional rings are optionally fused, or inwhich E+defines an ammonium ion of the formula (Ic)

in which R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ independently of one another are hydrogenor a (poly)alkyleneoxy group of the formula —[CH(R⁸⁰)—CH(R⁸⁰)O]_(k)—H,in which k is a number from 1 to 30 and the two radicals R⁸⁰independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl or, if k is>1, acombination thereof; q is a number from 1 to 10, p is a number from 1 to5, where p is≦q+1; T is a branched or unbranched C₂-C₆-alkylene radical;or in which T, if q is>1, may also be a combination of branched orunbranched C₂-C₆-alkylene radicals; and in which the two radicals Z areidentical or different and Z has the definition Z¹ or Z⁴, where Z¹ is aradical of the formula (Ib) —[X—Y]_(q)R³   (Ib) in which X is aC₂-C₆-alkylene radical, a C₅-C₇-cycloalkylene radical, or a combinationof these radicals, it being possible for these radicals to besubstituted by from 1 to 4 C₁-C₄-alkyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals,(C₁-C₄)-hydroxyalkyl radicals, by 1 or 2 C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl radicals, orin which X, if q is>1, may also be a combination of said definitions; Yis a —O—,

or in which Y, if q is>1, may also be a combination of said definitions;q is a numberfrom 1 to 10; R² and R³ independently of one another are ahydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted, or partly fluorinated orperfluorinated, branched or unbranched (C₁-C₂₀)-alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl group or a substituted orunsubstituted, or partly fluorinated or perfluorinated (C₂-C₂₀)-alkenylgroup, it being possible for the substituents to be hydroxyl, phenyl,cyano, chloro, bromo, amino, C₂-C₄-acyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy, or R² and R³,together with the nitrogen atom, form a saturated, unsaturated oraromatic heterocyclic 5- to 7-membered ring optionally containing 1 or 2further nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms or carbonyl groups in the ring,optionally being substituted by 1, 2 or 3 of the radicals OH, phenyl,CN, Cl, Br, C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₄-acyl and carbamoyl, andoptionally carrying 1 or 2 benzo-fused saturated, unsaturated oraromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; and where Z⁴ is hydrogen,hydroxyl, amino, phenyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl, C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl orC₁-C₂₀-alkyl, it being possible for the phenyl ring, the(C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl group and the alkyl group to be substituted byone or more substituents from the group consisting of Cl, Br, CN, NH₂,OH, C₆H₅, mono-, di- or tri-C₁-C₄-alkoxy-substituted C₆H₅, carbamoyl,C₂-C₄-acyl and C₁-C₄-alkoxy, and it being possible for the phenyl ringand the (C₁-C₄)-alkylene-phenyl group to be substituted by NR²R³, or thealkyl group is perfluorinated or partly fluorinated.
 2. The pigmentdispersant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein s is a number from 0.2 to3.0, preferably from 0.5 to 2.5; and n is a number from 0 to 0.5.
 3. Thepigment dispersant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein s is a number from0.5 to 2.5, and n is a number from 0 to 0.2.
 4. The pigment dispersantas claimed in claim 1 , wherein R² and R³ independently of one anotherare a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group or a C₁-C₆-alkyl groupsubstituted by 1 or 2 substituents from the group consisting ofhydroxyl, acetyl, methoxy, ethoxy, chloro and bromo, or R² and R³,together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, form an imidazolyl,piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pipecolinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl,pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinonyl, indolyl or piperazinyl ring.
 5. The pigmentdispersant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein Z¹ has the definition—[(CH₂)₃—NH]₂—H, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₂H, —(CH₂)₃—NH—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,

—(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,—(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,—(CH₂)₃—NH—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₃—H, —(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₄—H,—(CH₂—CH₂—NH)₅—H, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,—(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₄—O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂,

—(CH₂)₂—OH, —(CH₂)₃—OH, —CH₂—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—OH, —CH(CH₂—CH₃)CH₂—OH,—CH(CH₂OH)₂, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—OH or —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—OH;—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—NH₂, —CH₂—C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—NH₂,

—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₂—NH—CH₂—CH₃, —(CH₂)₂—N(CH₂—CH₃)₂,—(CH₂)₃—NH—CH₃, —(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH—CH₂—CH₃ or—(CH₂)₃—N(CH₂—CH₃)₂.
 6. The pigment dispersant as claimed in claim 1 ,wherein Z⁴ has the definition hydrogen, amino, phenyl, benzyl, NRR³-substituted phenyl or benzyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, or a C₂-C₆-alkyl, phenylor benzyl substituted by 1 or 2 substituents from the group consistingof hydroxyl, acetyl, methoxy and ethoxy.
 7. The pigment dispersant asclaimed in claim 1 , wherein X is a C₂-C₄-alkylene radical orcyclohexylene.
 8. A process for preparing a pigment dispersant asclaimed in claim 1 , which comprises chlorosulfonating adiketopyrrolopyrrole compound of the formula (Ia)

and reacting the resultant sulfochloride with an amine of the formula(V)

.
 9. A pigment preparation comprising a) at least one organic basepigment, and b) at least one pigment dispersant of the formula (I) asclaimed in claim 1 .
 10. A pigment preparation as claimed in claim 9 ,wherein the organic base pigment a) is a perylene, perinone,quinacridone, quinacridonequinone, anthraquinone, anthanthrone,benzimidazolone, disazo condensation, azo, indanthrone, phthalocyanine,triarylcarbonium, dioxazine, aminoanthraquinone, diketopyrrolopyrrole,thioindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone, pyranthrone, isoviolanthrone orcarbon black pigment or a mixture thereof.
 11. The pigment preparationas claimed in claim 9 , consisting essentially of a) from 50 to 99.5% byweight of at least one base pigment a), b) from 0.5 to 20% by weight ofat least one pigment dispersant b) of the formula (I), c) from 0 to 20%by weight of surfactants, and d) from 0 to 20% by weight of furthercustomary additives, the fractions of the respective components beingbased on the overall weight of the preparation (100% by weight).
 12. Thepigment preparation as claimed in claim 9 , consisting essentially of a)from 60 to 98.8% by weight of at least one base pigment a), b) from 1 to15% by weight of at least one pigment dispersant b) of the formula (I),c) from 0.1 to 15% by weight of surfactants, and d) from 0.1 to 10% byweight of further customary additives, the fractions of the respectivecomponents being based on the overall weight of the preparation (100% byweight).
 13. A process for preparing a pigment preparation as claimed inclaim 9 , which comprises mixing the pigment dispersant(s) as per b) andthe base pigment(s) with one another.
 14. A method of pigmenting highmolecular mass organic material, electrophotographic toners anddevelopers, and writing, drawing and printing inks comprising the stepof adding a pigment preparation as claimed in claim 9 to a highmolecular mass organic material, electrophotographic toner anddeveloper, or to the basis of a writing, drawing or printing ink to bepigmented.
 15. The method as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the highmolecular mass organic material is a plastic, a resin, a varnish or apaint.
 16. A prepared pigment formulation consisting essentially of a)one or more organic base pigments; b) one or more pigment dispersants ofthe formula (I) as claimed in claim 1 ; and c) a high molecular massorganic material.